The Destruction of Innocence in Shakespeares Othello Essays -- GCSE E

The Destruction of Innocence in Othello      Ã‚  Ã‚   One way, albeit a partial way, of reading the tragedy of 'Othello' is too see it as the destruction of innocence, trust, and idealized love by a cynical and maliciously motivated worldliness, which regards the very existence of innocence and beauty as its motivation: 'the divinity of hell'. Iago's manipulative malignity is a crucial factor in the tragic catastrophe but it also serves to highlight through contrast the alternative values in the play, amongst which one can include innocence and naivety. In the argument below innocence is understood to be inexperience of the world but also that which is separated from evil. Naivety has the meaning of gullibility, even folly but more positively is the condition of the child, trusting, artless and unaffected by the cynical questioning and deceit which characterizes the worldly. Shakespeare portrays naivety and innocence principally, but not exclusively, through the characterization of Desdemona and Othello, and through a whole range of dramatic techniques: their language, behavior, their interaction with other characters, the imagery applied to them etc. The portrayal of the qualities is a complex one which is significant in the following ways. Firstly, the vulnerability of innocence and naivety helps drive the play towards its tragic conclusion, although it is matter of debate whether the principal cause of the catastrophe is the vulnerability of innocence or the ingenuity of wickedness. Secondly, the values of innocence and naivety comprise values which are dramatized in opposition to those represented principally by Iago; each illuminates the other. This is one of the conflicts central to the dramatic action. The contrast betwe... ...'s Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 1-19) Bloom, Harold. "Introduction" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. (1-6) Hale, Steven. Class lectures. Georgia Perimeter College. April 20th -30th, 1999 Jones, Eldred. "Othello- An Interpretation" Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 39-55) Muir, Kenneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968. Neely, Carol. "Women and Men in Othello" Critical Essays on Shakespeare's Othello. Ed. Anthony G. Barthelemy Pub. Macmillan New York, NY 1994. (page 68-90) Snyder, Susan. "Beyond the Comedy: Othello" Modern Critical Interpretations, Othello Ed. Harold Bloom, Pub. Chelsea House New Haven CT 1987. (page 23-37)

Man is not truly one, but truly two. Show how Stevenson explores this idea in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay

The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is an extraordinary book that explains the human nature in a fatal way; it demonstrates how a person can possess two extreme faces. It is written by a Scottish writer, Robert Louis Stevenson, which then leads us to wonder why he didn’t set the background as somewhere in Scotland but as London. However, as you get into the story you realize why he chose London. Carefully, the distinct division between the rich and poor is created as the atmosphere of this book; in fact, how the book describes London is how the real Edinburgh was in early nineteenth-century: two sided. Edinburgh was where Stevenson grew up; it is assumed that Stevenson himself lived a two faced life by jumping from one side of the city, rich to the other, poor. Stevenson portrayed the house of Dr. Jekyll in the book based on the building that lived a surgeon called John Hunter, who surprisingly has lots of similarities with Dr. Jekyll. The building has two sides and the surgeon also had two sides. As my list goes on, you will realize how I am talking about how everything has two different faces. Therefore, the story, in an unexplainable way, is not far from real life: everyone, or in fact, every single â€Å"thing† in the world is capable of having two faces. Although the readers do not find out Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is the same person until the very end of the book, afterwards they realize the author had given lots of hints throughout. Mr. Utterson is a lawyer and a long friend of Dr. Jekyll. He received a will from this friend, Jekyll which said that Jekyll is leaving all his assets to Mr. Hyde if he dies or disappears for more than 3 months. Mr. Utterson got very disturbed by this testament especially having heard about Mr. Hyde from his cousin, Mr. Enfield. The story stated Mr. Hyde had chased and trampled over a small innocent girl; Mr. Enfield described the scene as a sight ‘hellish to see.’ This will that Mr. Utterson received, perhaps, was the first hint to the readers that there is an absurd relationship between the Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. When they do find out this bizarre fact, the readers then wonder if that meant that Dr. Jekyll already knew that Mr. Hyde will overrule him someday, because if he did why would he had even started the experiment? The most adequate answer we can gain is that people have no limitation to wanting to know more: Dr. Jekyll risked his life to find out more about human nature. This links back to my first point about John Hunter. He was a surgeon who was keen to find out more about how people’s body worked; he paid people to illegally steal dead bodies from tomb for his dissection experiment. Interestingly, Hunter was a very nice and charitable gentleman who was praised by the public during the day for his intelligence which he had gained through the illegal experiments. Confused Mr. Utterson visited another old friend of Dr. Jekyll, Dr. Lanyon, to ask about Mr. Hyde. However, failed to gain more information of this but instead received a comment that Dr. Jekyll was getting involved in ‘unscientific balderdash’ as Dr. Lanyon portrayed. Of course, as the readers know, this was to become a totally different creature: Mr. Hyde, the murderer. This gives no wonder why Dr. Jekyll was forging for Mr. Hyde after the crime later. Impatient as the time passed, Mr. Utterson hunted after Mr. Hyde himself. After few days of effort, Mr. Utterson finally caught Hyde going into the backdoor of Dr. Jekyll’s building. After their interlocution, his impression of Mr. Hyde was similar to Mr. Enfield’s: ‘disgust’ and ‘savage.’ Also, as Mr. Enfield expressed, Mr. Hyde ‘gave an impression of deformity without any namable malformation.’ When Mr. Utterson knocks on Jekyll’s door which is around the corner, there is no answer. As a finished reader, we know Dr. Jekyll cannot answer his door when he is in the form of Hyde. In this section, Dr. Jekyll shows similarities with Hunter again. Hunter had his ‘good front’ door opened to everyone the day and ‘dungeon back’ door was only open to the body stealers. Andrew Motion thinks these two doors themselves are used to represent the change – â€Å"as each opens or closes it leads characters into different parts of themselves.† For both Dr. Jekyll and John Hunter, behind the backdoor was where their ‘balderdash’ took place and no one was allowed to steal a look because they were â€Å"monsters† there. Posterior to this date, Mr. Utterson endeavoured to find out the relationship between Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Not knowing the fact Dr. Jekyll himself is Mr. Hyde, Mr. Utterson could not understand the ease Dr. Jekyll had. However, the situation metamorphosed after the murder of Sir Danvers Carew; Dr. Jekyll felt ‘deadly sick’ by what had happened and declared to be ‘done with’ Mr. Hyde. This statement pleased Mr. Utterson who had then received the letter from Mr. Hyde through the hands of Dr. Jekyll. Glad to know Dr. Jekyll ‘have had a lesson,’ Mr. Utterson happily returned to his house where he finds out ‘Henry Jekyll forged for a murderer.’– Handwritings of Dr. Jekyll’s letter and Mr. Hyde’s were exactly the same except for the small difference in slope. Knowing that two people are the same person we understand this but Mr. Utterson doesn’t know it at this stage. This is the point where Dr. Jekyll regrets doing the experiments and decides to leave it there. However, he soon realizes he is doing it again as if it is a drug that cannot be stopped. Why does he go on when he clearly knows that he will get hung if he gets caught as Hyde? This question can be distorted and be aimed at John Hunter. Why did he continue the experiment when he clearly knew that he will get hung if he was caught doing illegal trading of dead bodies? The answers are the same: desire to know more and possibly the thrill of not getting caught. Two months after feeling ‘his blood run cold,’ Mr. Utterson put in efforts to forget everything about Mr. Hyde and the death of Sir Danvers. Mr. Hyde had not been around for the whole two months and Dr. Jekyll had become the previous friendly Dr. Jekyll again: ‘renewed relations with his friends’ and ‘became once more their familiar guest and entertainer.’ One slight change made from the past was that he was being overly good, religious, and charitable. It was now Dr. Lanyon who started to act madness; his words ‘I wish to see or hear no more of Dr. Jekyll,’ ‘I am quite done with that person’ brought back all the memories from two months ago: Dr. Jekyll gave the exact same line but about Mr. Hyde. The testament by Dr. Lanyon to Mr. Utterson after his death had extraordinary will on the letter which read ‘not to be opened till the death or disappearance of Dr. Henry Jekyll.’ Witnessing these words, Mr. Utterson sensed incidents from two months ago were about to be repeated. Not long after the death of Dr. Lanyon, Poole, the servant of Dr. Jekyll, pay a visit to Mr. Utterson; he was pale and frightened. Poole tells his concern – he is afraid to find out the reason why Dr. Jekyll was acting awfully weird: not coming out of the laboratory. Mr. Utterson made the trip to Dr. Jekyll’s fearing the same thing as Poole: Hyde had killed Jekyll and is in his place. When Mr. Utterson breaks into the doctor’s room, there is only a warm and ‘still twitching’ Hyde and no trace of Dr. Jekyll. A document by Dr. Jekyll found stated ‘read the narrative of Lanyon first,’ so Mr. Utterson follows the words without questions. Reading the two full letters helped the dust of these complicated stories settle into place in Mr. Utterson’s mind. The hope of separating the evil out of good from a man turned out to be a failure and only made a reasonably good man into a devil. Although the story on its own is a fiction of a person with two faces not being able to control the bad part, there is an implied reality that everything in the world has two faces and that these two faces are found from such extraordinary places. Not only John Hunter but also Deacon Brodie and Robert Wringhim are good examples. John Hunter, as I compared with Dr. Jekyll above, was a two faced man who did goods for the society such as creating new medicines but had to commit crimes like hiring people to steal dead bodies on the backstage for his further studies on creating effective medicines. Deacon Brodie was a normal cabinet maker but this only applied when the sun was out. Because he was a cabinet-maker he was hired by the rich and was given their keys of their houses. Either when the people were asleep or when the masters of the house were gone, he became a theft. He stole money and any valuables from these rich. It is frustrating to find out a person that you believed was turned out to be the one person that used this trust to fill his desires. However, this is what Stevenson was mentioning: a trusted person like Dr. Jekyll turned out to be doing a horrid experiment, which involved himself becoming a murderer. Also, taking from Stevenson’s own book, he cleverly created a scene where Sir Danvers Carew was killed by Mr. Hyde in a dark place of the city. Why did MP appear in such an area at that time of the night? – It seems he had dark secrets as well. Additional example is a confession of Robert Wringhim. He had two personalities: holy and murderer. It is quite hard to imagine a very religious person committing the biggest sin you can find from their religion. All these examples and the stories bring us to a repulsive conclusion that everyone is evil deep down and so everyone is not to be trusted. Also a question such as ‘is Stevenson suggesting that we need to keep our darker side under control?’ can be asked. In fact, seeing that everyone has done something bad at least once in their life, is the idea of controlling dark side even possible? If it is impossible, is he saying we just have to accept our imperfections and do what our impulses are telling us? According to Darwin’s ‘On the Origin of Species,’ human evolved from animals such as chimpanzees and monkeys. Stevenson perhaps is representing Mr. Hyde as ‘the beast in human nature’ to tell us that no one can resist the monster living underneath our kindness; everyone has their own version of Mr. Hyde in them. Taking Dr. Jekyll for instance, the darker side was impossible to control because he changed back to Mr. Hyde constantly even when he didn’t want it. Stevenson described it to be a physical change but he actually involved an implication that this happens to everyone not physically but as mentally; anytime people get a chance to fill their means, they awaken the evil side in their heart to help them. Is it really impossible to control? It is frightening to think that this is true because it is not: having power over this side is up to the person. We won’t be able to explain how the Saints and priests can exist if it was impossible to control. Mother Teresa gave everything to the society and the poor and devoted her life to God and to his people; she was strong enough to control the devil inside her. The poet and priest Gerard Manley Hopkins after reading the book said ‘my Hyde is worse.’ If his worst Hyde was revealed to the world he wouldn’t be a priest. He, like Mother Teresa, consciously had been trying to push away the evil spirit within him. Stevenson is implying that everyone has two sides by giving two faces to every character in the book and making the places he picks to have two different side and relating the city in the story, London, to a real city with two sides, Edinburgh. Also he gives the impression that the darker sides overpowers the brighter side by making that happen to Dr. Jekyll, therefore, we just have to accept this fact and wait until the darker side takes over your body; however, this is not the case. He is saying we to have to accept the imperfections of ourselves and try keeping it under control. If we cannot keep it controlled, we may meet such a death like Dr. Jekyll and Sir Carew. People who can manage it very well will be praised for it like Mother Teresa. Stevenson is stating that choosing which one we want to be is all up to us.

College Tour Experience Essay - 1188 Words

COLLEGE TOUR EXPERIENCE One of my main goals in life is to be successful. Becoming successful is a lot of hard work. There are a total of twelve grades needed to be completed in this lifetime, just to be able to gain acknowledgement and education of what will occur in life. Well I’ve made it to my junior year in high school and it’s been a rough road but I’m still pushing through. One of my major goals is to make it to college to start my career and have a successful future. The current high school that I’m attending is teachers preparatory. The deans, Ms. Wilson, Mr. Otto and Mr.Gansrow allowed me to participate in this year college tour. Our bus trip to the first college is Binghamton University. All I can think about is this can†¦show more content†¦Another college that seems to provide that attention is Oneonta. We arrived at Oneonta College and the first thing I see is SNOW!!! This tells me that the temperature up here is cooler then the temperature in Brooklyn. The appearance of the school seemed pretty quiet and small, which is an advantage towards Binghamton. When we entered a young man who has graduated from Oneonta and now works there explained to us about admissions, programs, and life on and around Oneonta College. Our tour guidance at Oneonta was a junior name Alexis who majored in education and biology so far in the school. The first area she showed us was the diner area which was smaller than the lunch space in Binghamton but it was cozy and comfortable. Next were the classrooms which some can fit up to 300 students and some were made for smaller classes such as 17 students to 1 instructor. Classroom setups are similar to Binghamton but seeming that Binghamton has more space the classroom sizes may decrease. Oneonta’s majors are also similar to Binghamton, but this college seems to put more effort into education majors which is another advantage. 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The Main Factors That Support The Core Principles Of Our...

Abbie Voorhies Essay 2 Essay 2 There are three contemporary factors that continue to deprive the core principles of our democracy. The elections seem to be more about â€Å"winning the game† than the actual issues and ideals. Each factor plays a major influence on how the American politics are run today. There has been many Amendments that have been published to stop voter discrimination. A few are the fifteenth Amendment, in which it states, â€Å"Race no Bar to Vote. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridge by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (Janda). The Twenty-third Amendment gave â€Å"limited voting rights to the residents of Washington†¦show more content†¦Billions of dollars are spent each year in attempt to wow over the audience of America. The money flows through the â€Å"U.S. politics, Corporations, industry groups, union labors, and single issued organizations in which all work together to attempt the end goal of persuasion. The precedent case Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission has resulted in fewer restrictions on campaign spending. The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act regulates the â€Å"big money† campaigns (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission). The act limits and restricts â€Å"electioneering communications† (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission). From the article read from Ozey it states, â€Å"Section 203 of the BCRA prevents corporations or labor unions from funding such communication from their general treasuries. Section 201 and 311 require the disclosure of donors to such communication and a disclaimer when the communication is not authorized by the candidate it intends to support† (Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission). In the current case the District court held that The Movie was a representation on â€Å"express advocacy,† as it tried to persuade voters that Senator Clinton was not the right fit to run for office (Citize ns United v. Federal Election Commission). The communication was not authorized nor supported Clinton. The problem with putting restriction on campaign spending is in some cases seem to get into the area of First Amendment in which the

Diagnosis And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Dementia - 1329 Words

Abstract Alzheimer’s Dementia is one form of dementia. It affects over five million people in the U.S. alone (Latest Facts Figures Report, 2014). Alzheimer’s is a group of symptoms caused by diseases or disorders. Every 67 seconds someone develops Alzheimer’s in the U.S. (Latest Facts Figures Report, 2014). Alzheimer’s can take 7-10 years to fully develop. During development the brain reduces in size. Being diagnosed with Alzheimer’s changes the patient’s life significantly. He or she must make many changes in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle.  Alzheimer’s Dementia: Deciphering the Mystery There are many forms of dementia that doctors have discovered. One in particular is Alzheimer’s Dementia. Over 5 million Americans are living†¦show more content†¦Alzheimer’s Dementia has seven stages. Stage one is no impairment or normal function. Stage two is very mild cognitive decline. This stage can be the earliest signs of Alzheimer’s or age-related changes such as forgetfulness. Stage three is mild cognitive decline. This is when doctors can diagnose the beginnings of Alzheimer’s. Common stage three difficulties include trouble remembering names, greater difficulty completing or staying on task, and increased trouble with organizing and planning. Stage four is moderate cognitive decline. Symptoms in this stage become more clear such as forgetting recent events, becoming moody or withdrawn, and greater ability to perform complex tasks. Stage five is moderately severe cognitive decline or m id-stage Alzheimer’s. During this stage the patient may not be able to remember his or her address or telephone number and become confused about where he or she is and what day it is. The patient will still be able remember significant details about his or her family and past. Stage six is severe cognitive decline. During this stage memory continues to worsen and personality changes may begin to take place. This stage also includes wandering, changes in sleep patterns, incontinence, and remembering names of family members. The final stage is seven: very severe decline or late-stage Alzheimer’s. In this final stage the patient will lose his or her ability to respond, have a

Celsus Arguments Against Christianity Free Essays

The first of 4 arguments I believe to be of importance is that of the virgin birth. Jesus claims to be born of a virgin in the town of Bethlehem. It was said that Jesus was born to a virgin and God himself. We will write a custom essay sample on Celsus Arguments Against Christianity or any similar topic only for you Order Now When it was time for Mary to give birth she and her husband set off to have God’s son. Because there was no room at an Inn Jesus was born in a stable. On the contrary to what the Christian religion believes Celsus says that Jesus was born to a mother who was a spinner, and his legitimate father a Roman soldier, Panthera (Celsus pg. 57). It seemed as if it ere common knowledge the transgressions that Jesus mother had committed with the Roman. When this was found out Jesus mother was cast out by her carpenter husband and convicted of adultery (Celsus pg. 57). The Jews then went on with the story by saying this was explained by the fact that Herod wanted Jesus killed so they fled to Egypt (Celsus pg. 59). Herod feared that the son of God was going to be born and become the rightful king taking Herod’s throne. Herod sent out a decree that all male babies born would be put to death. Celsus felt that being a God, Jesus should have not been afraid of death, but yet embrace it like the roman Gods did. He was a king after all, and kings were noble, righteous, brave, and willing to die for their subjects. This argument against Jesus seems to be just the beginning, in my opinion, of the downfall of his character. The next point I feel valid to Celsus arguments is that of the Christian faith and their followers. Celsus argued that instead of Jesus wanting all to follow his disciples seemed to pray on the weak and dumb (Celsus pg. 73-75). Jesus followers were the weak, poor, lame, children, and women. This was hardly the kingdom that was respectable. Roman Gods had kingdoms and armies of all kinds. It takes men, women, children, poor and rich to have a community. This was not the case for Christians. Christians used the excuse that those who were educated, sensible, or wise were evil (Celsus pg. 72). By welcoming only the weak and slow into the Christian fold it looks as if they can only sell their ideas to those who can’t think for themselves. It was like they were more interested in finding followers that were going to follow them no matter the stakes without any sort of challenge. Christianity seemed to be for the lower lass. This is surprising considering that Christianity was met with resistance from the Roman government where a lot of it needed to be done in secrecy. This seems to be a slap in the face to the Romans who encouraged progression and education, yet felt that loyalty was a must. Roman Gods are that of noble character and moral values. They surround themsel ves with people of the same likeness. Roman Gods were held to a higher standard and were expected to lead their lands with a moral compass and the best interests of everyone. They did not have the luxury of taking risky or even selfish chances. They had to be the upmost and noblest of leaders to lead their people to a better life Jesus did not seem to follow this thinking, and surrounded himself with ten or eleven friends that he associated with (Celsus pg. 59) that were less than moral men, yet he was gaining followers (Celsus pg. 57). This was very dangerous to Rome. The next argument that seems to be of merit was that of GOD being God. In the reading Celsus makes points that the Christian God is nothing like the Greek and Roman Gods. The Christian God seemed as if he did not have an explanation as to why he let things happen to Good people. He did not have anyone he answered to. The Roman Gods and Kings were the authority of the land, but did not have the right to be reckless with their kingdoms and subjects. The decisions the Romans made affected everyone under their reign, and they made sure that what was done was done in the best interests of all. Not only was it their moral compass, but also an ironclad duty to guide those under their authority in the ways of rightness. God did not follow this thinking pattern. God was justified by his followers by saying that it was a test they needed o endure. He was never challenged, or even questioned. Questioning seems to be a bit of taboo. Celsus brings up important points about God being unreachable and unable to save them from harm. My thinking on this was that he was sitting up in the sky watching, but doing nothing. Celsus points out that God keeps his purposes to himself for long periods of time and just stands by when evil overcomes good (Celsus pg. 77). Instead of stopp ing the suffering that going on he continued to let it happen. He just stood by when plagues, fires, earthquakes, and famines riddled the land. It is hard to fathom God being all knowing and all mighty, yet he sits around and watches as thousands of his followers are killed through these disasters that he could have ceased with a single command or swipe of his hand. It does not seem to be something that a God with love for his children would let happen if he truly loved them like Christians claim. Instead his followers continued to believe that they just needed to have faith and they would be delivered. For Christians God, in likeness, is thought to be as man is with hands, body, and a voice that he uses to speak to his followers. In fact, it says man is made of God’s likeness and image (Celsus pg. 103). Celsus disagreed with this point wholeheartedly. That is not how God is at all. It was known that the true God in his infinity is without shape or color (Celsus pg. 103). Celsus also showed discord in the fact that God is all powerful, but did nothing to save his own son from torture and death (Celsus pg. 39). Instead of using divine power, he let his son die a humiliating death. Kings and Gods would not have let this happen. They would have protected their own with everything they had, even if this meant their own deaths. The last argument that seemed to have merit for me in this book would have to be that of Christianity being unoriginal, and taken instead from many other religions. Instead of being something original and brought about by itself. The Christian faith is just a melting pot of many other religions and laws. It is said that Moses wrote their history so it reflected them in a positive light. His doctrine was not only held by him, but many other nations and cities such as Egypt, Assyrians, Indians, Persians, Gaul, Getae, and so on (Celsus pg. 55). Many of the laws that are eld by Christianity were given their start by other nations. Even circumcision was said to be started by another society and picked up by the Jews. It seems as if all the facts are more of fables and stories from other people. It is even said that God’s wisdom and man’s goes back to Heracleitus and Plato (Celsus pg. 93). Homer even writes about the Christians beliefs in the afterlife or resurrection. He say s â€Å"The gods will take you to the Elysian plains at the end of the earth, and there life will be easy† (Celsus pg. 109). This is one of the biggest draws to the Christian faith. Everyone wants to believe that this life is not all there is to life. They want to believe there is life after death. It makes a person feel better about their lives. My point to this is that if the life hereafter is founded on someone else’s principles, what is honest and original about Christianity? I think the thing that was the most eye opening point to me was the fact you always here the prophesy of this God and how he was slapped on a the cheek, and he did nothing in retaliation, except turn the other cheek. Plato shares the same sentiments when he is talking to Socrates in the Crito (Celsus pg. 113).. He talks about never ever doing wrong to someone even if they have avenged us first. He says that in doing that because we were wronged first, it is no different than if we had harmed the person first. Plato says it best in an exerpt â€Å"So we should never take revenge and never hurt anyone even if we have been hurt† (Celsus pg. 113). I think Celsus was just in thinking Christianity had quite a few flaws in it. Celsus was Looking at it as many should. While they are taught that it is enough to just believe, sometimes that is not enough. Celsus was standing up for his country and his officials. He was putting thought in himself and the rules that were put down. We are taught to stand up for our country. How many times are we led astray by others? Do we simply just take officials word for it that They are doing what is right? I agree with Celsus that you stand for your country and your leaders. I also think and agree that you challenge someone if what they are saying seems to be a bit off. Celsus stood up for his gods and leaders of his country against someone who was threatening their very existence. How to cite Celsus Arguments Against Christianity, Essays

Advanced Economics of International business - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Economics of International business. Answer: Introduction International business often requires making crucial decisions regarding where to invest, how to invest and when to invest. The current scenario of the world economy presents an increasing dilemma on whether investment in emerging and developing countries is preferable to investment in advanced economies.(Chakravarty 2016) Advanced economies offer developed markets and have highly developed capital markets with high levels of liquidity, meaningful regulatory bodies, large market capitalization, and high levels of per capita income and are generally considered as safe bets for investment.(NASDAQ, USA 2012). On the other hand, emerging markets also often referred to as developing countries are countries that are growing at a fast pace but have less mature markets. (NASDAQ, USA 2012) Emerging markets offer opportunities for the future but tend to be volatile due to under-development of economic and political structures.(Balliet 2017) The differentiated levels of advancement country could be due to many reasons. (Samuelson and NordHaus 2004)have described four major aspects of development, Human Resources or Human Capital, Natural Resources, Capital Formation, and technological development that determine the level of advancement of a country or whether a country can be called as an advanced country or a developing country. Advanced economies score well on most aspects of development, while emerging or low income could score low on several or all aspects of development.(Samuelson and NordHaus 2004) However, the actual classification of countries as advanced, emerging markets or low income developing countries is by and large based on per capita income and their market structures. Categorization of Economies Based on Level of Development The International Monetary Fund uses the following criteria to classify countries into Advanced, emerging markets and developing economies. These criteria are Income Per Capita or the average individual income b) Diversification of Exports c) the level of integration of the country into the global financial systems.(International Monetary Fund 2017) The World Bank simply classifies economies based on their Gross National Income Per Capita and these classifications are used by the International Monetary Fund to decide whether a country is a advanced economies or emerging market and low income developing countries. There are several methods to calculate the average individual income. However, one of the most common ones is Gross National Income (GNI) per capita. According to World Bank ,GNI per capita is the gross national income, converted to U.S. dollars using the World Bank Atlas method, divided by the midyear population.(The World Bank 2017) In 2016, Low Income Developing Countries were defined as Countries with a Gross National Income Per Capita of $1025 or less, lower middle income countries were those with GNI per capita of $1026 and $4035, upper middle income countries were those with a GNI per capita between $4036 and $12, 475 , and high income countries were countries with GNI per capita of 12, 476 or more. (The World Ba nk 2016) The IMF classifies 39 countries as advanced economies. These countries do not include some countries like Saudi Arabia that have high per capita income but lack diversity in export while some countries which do not necessarily have the highest levels of individual income are classified as advanced economies simply due to their advanced and integrated market structures. For example, Lithuania is included in the list of advanced economies due to its adoption of the Euro. Advanced economies are economies in the stages of post industrialization. (International Monetary Fund 2017) The term emerging markets was first coined by Antoine van Agtmael in late 1980s to refer to the so called third world countries that were relatively poor but offered opportunities to investors as their stock markets were developing.(International Finance Corporation 2017) Since then, the term has been evolved and been loosely used without any formal criterion for definition.(Balliet 2017) However, the International Monetary Fund publishes a list of emerging market and developing economies (including Low Income Developing Countries) that contains all those countries that are not classified as advanced economy countries. According to the World Economic Outlook of 2016, 152 countries were classified as emerging market and developing countries.(International Monetary Fund 2013) The emerging market and developing countries are often referred to as Low Income Developing Countries (LIDCs). Low Income Developing countries are countries that would generally have a low per capita income. However, market structures are also an important characteristic to classify a country as an LIDC According to the International Monetary Fund, LIDCs have structural features complete with limited development and structural transformation, and insufficiently close to external financial linkages to be widely seen as emerging market economies.(International Monetary Fund 2013). According to the World Economic Outlook published by the IMF in 2016, the threshold of income set by the International Monetary Fund for a country to be classified as Low Income Developing Country was $2700.(International Monetary Fund 2017) Bibliography Balliet, Wade (2017). Emerging market complexities. [online]. Last updated 6th January. https://www.worldfinance.com/banking/emerging-market-complexities Chakravarty, Manas (2016). Advanced economies vs emerging markets. [online]. Last updated 26 October. https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/ck1EMSGaPQvksrMeC45QsI/Advanced-economies-vs-emerging-markets.html International Finance Corporation(2017). Establishing 'Emerging Markets' [online]. https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/corp_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/about+ifc_new/ifc+history/establishing-emerging-markets International Monetary Fund (2017). Frequently Asked Questions: World Economic Outlook (WEO). [online]. Last updated 10 October. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/faq.htm#q4b2 International Monetary Fund (2013). Statistical Appendix. [online]. https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/imported-flagship./_statapppdf.ashx NASDAQ, USA (2012). https://www.nasdaq.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-a-developed-emerging-and-frontier-market-cm140649. [online]. Last updated 11 May. https://www.nasdaq.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-a-developed-emerging-and-frontier-market-cm140649 Samuelson, Paul A and NORDHAUS, William R. (2004). Economics: Seventeenth Edition. 2002 ed., New Delhi, Tata- McGraw Hill Publishing Company. ISBN0-07-048645-X, The World Bank (2017). GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$). [online]. Last updated 15 September. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD The World Bank (2016). New country classifications by income level. [online]. Last updated 01 July. https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-country-classifications-2016